Nama : Natazia Amelia Agies
NPM : 26209849
Kelas : 4EB19
Pengertian etika
Etika berasal dari bahasa yunani yaitu ethos yang berarti karakter, watak kesusilaan atau adat kebiasaan di mana etika berhubungan erat dengan konsep individu atau kelompok sebagai alat penilai kebenaran atau evaluasi terhadap sesuatu yang telah dilakukan. Sehingga etika adalah sebuah refleksi kritis dan rasional mengenai nilai dan norma moral yang menentukan dan terwujudnya dalam sikap dan pola perilaku hidup manusia, baik secara pribadi maupun sebagai kelompok.
Prinsip-Prinsip etika
Semua prinsip yang akan diuraikan merupakan prasyarat dasar dalam pengembangan nilai-nilai etika atau kode etik dalam hubungan antarindividu, individu dengan masyarakat, dengan pemerintah, dan sebagainya.
a. Prinsip Keindahan
Prinsip ini mendasari segala sesuatu yang mencakup penikmatan rasa senang terhadap keindahan. Berdasarkan prinsip ini, manusia memperhatikan nilai-nilai keindahan dan ingin menampakkan sesuatu yang indah dalam perilakunya. Misalnya dalam berpakaian, penataan ruang, dan sebagainya sehingga membuatnya lebih bersemangat untuk bekerja.
b. Prinsip Persamaan
Setiap manusia pada hakikatnya memiliki hak dan tanggung jawab yang sama, sehingga muncul tuntutan terhadap persamaan hak antara laki-laki dan perempuan, persamaan ras, serta persamaan dalam berbagai bidang lainnya. Prinsip ini melandasi perilaku yang tidak diskrminatif atas dasar apapun.
c. Prinsip Kebaikan
Prinsip ini mendasari perilaku individu untuk selalu berupaya berbuat kebaikan dalam berinteraksi dengan lingkungannya. Prinsip ini biasanya berkenaan dengan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan seperti hormat- menghormati, kasih sayang, membantu orang lain, dan sebagainya. Manusia pada hakikatnya selalu ingin berbuat baik, karena dengan berbuat baik dia akan dapat diterima oleh lingkungannya. Penyelenggaraan pemerintahan dan pelayanan yang diberikan kepada masyarakat sesungguhnya bertujuan untuk menciptakan kebaikan bagi masyarakat.
d. Prinsip Keadilan
Pengertian keadilan adalah kemauan yang tetap dan kekal untuk memberikan kepada setiap orang apa yang semestinya mereka peroleh. Oleh karena itu, prinsip ini mendasari seseorang untuk bertindak adil dan proporsional serta tidak mengambil sesuatu yang menjadi hak orang lain.
e. Prinsip Kebebasan
Kebebasan dapat diartikan sebagai keleluasaan individu untuk bertindak atau tidak bertindak sesuai dengan pilihannya sendiri. Dalam prinsip kehidupan dan hak asasi manusia, setiap manusia mempunyai hak untuk melakukan sesuatu sesuai dengan kehendaknya sendiri sepanjang tidak merugikan atau mengganggu hak-hak orang lain. Oleh karena itu, setiap kebebasan harus diikuti dengan tanggung jawab sehingga manusia tidak melakukan tindakan yang semena-mena kepada orang lain. Untuk itu kebebasan individu disini diartikan sebagai:
i. kemampuan untuk berbuat sesuatu atau menentukan pilihan
ii. kemampuan yang memungkinkan manusia untuk melaksana-kan
pilihannya tersebut
iii. kemampuan untuk mempertanggungjawabkan perbuatannya.
f. Prinsip Kebenaran
Kebenaran biasanya digunakan dalam logika keilmuan yang muncul dari hasil pemikiran yang logis/rasional. Kebenaran harus dapat dibuktikan dan ditunjukkan agar kebenaran itu dapat diyakini oleh individu dan masyarakat. Tidak setiap kebenaran dapat diterima sebagai suatu kebenaran apabila belum dapat dibuktikan.
Basis teori etika
Etika Teleologi
dari kata Yunani, telos = tujuan, Mengukur baik buruknya suatu tindakan berdasarkan tujuan yang mau dicapai dengan tindakan itu, atau berdasarkan akibat yang ditimbulkan oleh tindakan itu. Dua aliran etika teleologi :
* Egoisme Etis
Egoisme ini baru menjadi persoalan serius ketika ia cenderung menjadi hedonistis, yaitu ketika kebahagiaan dan kepentingan pribadi diterjemahkan semata-mata sebagai kenikmatan fisik yg bersifat vulgar.
* Utilitarianisme
berasal dari bahasa latin utilis yang berarti “bermanfaat”. Menurut teori ini suatu perbuatan adalah baik jika membawa manfaat, tapi manfaat itu harus menyangkut bukan saja satu dua orang melainkan masyarakat sebagai keseluruhan.
Deontologi
Istilah deontologi berasal dari kata Yunani ‘deon’ yang berarti kewajiban. Yang menjadi dasar baik buruknya perbuatan adalah kewajiban. Pendekatan deontologi sudah diterima dalam konteks agama, sekarang merupakan juga salah satu teori etika yang terpenting.
Teori Hak
Dalam pemikiran moral dewasa ini barangkali teori hak ini adalah pendekatan yang paling banyak dipakai untuk mengevaluasi baik buruknya suatu perbuatan atau perilaku. Teori Hak merupakan suatu aspek dari teori deontologi, karena berkaitan dengan kewajiban. Hak dan kewajiban bagaikan dua sisi uang logam yang sama. Hak didasarkan atas martabat manusia dan martabat semua manusia itu sama. Karena itu hak sangat cocok dengan suasana pemikiran demokratis.
Teori Keutamaan (Virtue)
memandang sikap atau akhlak seseorang. Tidak ditanyakan apakah suatu perbuatan tertentu adil, atau jujur, atau murah hati dan sebagainya. Contoh keutamaan :
a. Kebijaksanaan
b. Keadilan
c. Suka bekerja keras
d. Hidup yang baik
Egoism
David Hume dalam membangun fondasi pemikiran liberalisme sungguh sangat signifikan. Teorinya yang cukup terkenal tentang self interest memberi sumbangsih luar biasa bagi tumbuhnya individualisme. Individualisme dalam tradisi filsafat sangat berbeda dengan egoisme. Egoism adalah suatu bentuk ketidak-pedulian kepada orang lain. Namun individualism menginginkan kebebasan dalam diri seseorang tanpa ada sekat yang mengkerangkeng. Artinya, penghargaan terhadap diri bukan berarti tidak abai terhadap orang lain. Sebaliknya, melalui pemahaman dan perhatian terhadap diri, ia akan berusaha memperhatikan orang lain.
Sumber :
http://jeanecutepink-jeane.blogspot.com/2012/03/pengertian-etika.html
http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2011/11/prinsip-prinsip-etika-2/
http://annaluchu.blogspot.com/2012/10/basis-teori-etika.html
http://madjidpolitika.wordpress.com/2011/10/02/human-understanding-menurut-david-hume-part-ii/
Sabtu, 06 Oktober 2012
Jumat, 29 Juni 2012
short term investment
Natazia Amelia Agies
26209849/Tugas softskill bahasa inggris ke-4
Definition of 'Short Term'
1. In general, holding an asset for short period of time.
2. In accounting, an asset expected to be converted into cash in the next year, or a liability coming due in the next year. Also known as current assets and liabilities.
3. For investing, a security that matures in one year or less.
4. For taxes, a holding period of less that one year.
Definition of 'Investment'
An asset or item that is purchased with the hope that it will generate income or appreciate in the future. In an economic sense, an investment is the purchase of goods that are not consumed today but are used in the future to create wealth. In finance, an investment is a monetary asset purchased with the idea that the asset will provide income in the future or appreciate and be sold at a higher price.
Definition of 'Short-Term Investment Fund
A type of fund that invests in short-term investments of high quality and low risk. The goal of this type of fund is to protect capital with low-risk investments while achieving a return that beats a relevant benchmark such as a Treasury bill index. They are commonly used by investors to temporarily store funds while arranging for their transfer to another investment vehicle that will provide higher returns. This type of fund aims to protect capital while generating a return that compares favourably with a particular benchmark, such as a Treasury Bill index. These types of fund have low management fees (usually well beneath 1% p.a.) and relatively low rates of return, commensurate with their low-risk investment style.
Short-term investment funds include cash, bank notes, corporate notes, government bills and various safe short-term debt instruments. These types of funds are usually used by investors who are temporarily parking funds before moving them to another investment that will provide higher returns. These funds traditionally have low management fees, usually well below 1% per year.
Short-term investments are readily marketable securities (stocks and bonds) that are intended to be sold within the time period of current assets. Logically, short-term investments are classified as current assets.
Security investments have to meet the following two (2) criteria to be classified as short-term investments:
• The investment is readily marketable
• Management intends to convert the investment into cash within one (1) year or operating cycle, whichever is longer
Security investments that do not meet both criteria should be classified as long-term. For example, stocks of privately held corporations are likely to have very limited markets, and as the result, such equity investments would not meet the first criterion and should be classified as long-term. Management might not have intent to sell the investment in the near term, and as the result, such an investment should be classified as long-term.
What does readily marketable mean? Readily marketable securities can be converted into cash (i.e., sold) on demand. For instance, stocks and bonds sold on public stock exchanges usually meet this criterion. Readily marketable securities can be classified as trading or available-for-sale (i.e., see next section).
The second criterion is more difficult to evaluate. Management might have an incentive, not intent, to include its investments in the short-term section of the balance sheet to improve the company’s liquidity and working capital ratios.
Source:
http://simplestudies.com/accounting-for-short-term-investments.html/page/2
http://www.wikinvest.com/metric/Short_Term_Investments
http://www.answers.com/topic/short-term-investment-1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_investment_fund
http://beginnersinvest.about.com/od/analyzingabalancesheet/a/long-term-investments.htm
26209849/Tugas softskill bahasa inggris ke-4
Definition of 'Short Term'
1. In general, holding an asset for short period of time.
2. In accounting, an asset expected to be converted into cash in the next year, or a liability coming due in the next year. Also known as current assets and liabilities.
3. For investing, a security that matures in one year or less.
4. For taxes, a holding period of less that one year.
Definition of 'Investment'
An asset or item that is purchased with the hope that it will generate income or appreciate in the future. In an economic sense, an investment is the purchase of goods that are not consumed today but are used in the future to create wealth. In finance, an investment is a monetary asset purchased with the idea that the asset will provide income in the future or appreciate and be sold at a higher price.
Definition of 'Short-Term Investment Fund
A type of fund that invests in short-term investments of high quality and low risk. The goal of this type of fund is to protect capital with low-risk investments while achieving a return that beats a relevant benchmark such as a Treasury bill index. They are commonly used by investors to temporarily store funds while arranging for their transfer to another investment vehicle that will provide higher returns. This type of fund aims to protect capital while generating a return that compares favourably with a particular benchmark, such as a Treasury Bill index. These types of fund have low management fees (usually well beneath 1% p.a.) and relatively low rates of return, commensurate with their low-risk investment style.
Short-term investment funds include cash, bank notes, corporate notes, government bills and various safe short-term debt instruments. These types of funds are usually used by investors who are temporarily parking funds before moving them to another investment that will provide higher returns. These funds traditionally have low management fees, usually well below 1% per year.
Short-term investments are readily marketable securities (stocks and bonds) that are intended to be sold within the time period of current assets. Logically, short-term investments are classified as current assets.
Security investments have to meet the following two (2) criteria to be classified as short-term investments:
• The investment is readily marketable
• Management intends to convert the investment into cash within one (1) year or operating cycle, whichever is longer
Security investments that do not meet both criteria should be classified as long-term. For example, stocks of privately held corporations are likely to have very limited markets, and as the result, such equity investments would not meet the first criterion and should be classified as long-term. Management might not have intent to sell the investment in the near term, and as the result, such an investment should be classified as long-term.
What does readily marketable mean? Readily marketable securities can be converted into cash (i.e., sold) on demand. For instance, stocks and bonds sold on public stock exchanges usually meet this criterion. Readily marketable securities can be classified as trading or available-for-sale (i.e., see next section).
The second criterion is more difficult to evaluate. Management might have an incentive, not intent, to include its investments in the short-term section of the balance sheet to improve the company’s liquidity and working capital ratios.
Source:
http://simplestudies.com/accounting-for-short-term-investments.html/page/2
http://www.wikinvest.com/metric/Short_Term_Investments
http://www.answers.com/topic/short-term-investment-1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_investment_fund
http://beginnersinvest.about.com/od/analyzingabalancesheet/a/long-term-investments.htm
Rabu, 09 Mei 2012
surat penolakan
Contoh Surat Penolakan
March 20th 2012
The CEO.,
PT Kursi Gaya.,
West Java.,
Indonesia 13333
Dear Sir,
We thank you for your offer to cooperate to our Amazin Furniture Departement. By email that you send to us on March 16th 2012. We already visit your website and check out the brochure you send to us.
After I discuss about this matter with my superior. Your furniture won’t matched the taste of our people. In the future we will email you if we have the change of heart.
Faithfully,
CEO of Amazin Departement
March 20th 2012
The CEO.,
PT Kursi Gaya.,
West Java.,
Indonesia 13333
Dear Sir,
We thank you for your offer to cooperate to our Amazin Furniture Departement. By email that you send to us on March 16th 2012. We already visit your website and check out the brochure you send to us.
After I discuss about this matter with my superior. Your furniture won’t matched the taste of our people. In the future we will email you if we have the change of heart.
Faithfully,
CEO of Amazin Departement
surat penawaran
Contoh Surat Penawaran
March 16th 2012
The Vice President,
Amazin Dept.,
121 Finsbury Pavement.,
London, United Kingdom
Dear Sir,
Together with this letter we want to establish coorperation with your company in selling furniture we conclude brochure, for your furniture department.
For your information our company named PT Kursi Gaya located in West Java, Indonesia. Our Company one of the biggest furniture maker in Indonesia, we have been doing business since 1930. There for we propose cooperation with your company for expand our furniture to your country.
Your Company won’t be feel loss because we offer 40% from real price for the first time. You can check our website for more picture and detail ww.kursigaya.com and for more information you can email us to kursigaya @ggaga.po.
Thank you for your attention and cooperation.
Faithfully,
CEO of PT Kursi Gaya
March 16th 2012
The Vice President,
Amazin Dept.,
121 Finsbury Pavement.,
London, United Kingdom
Dear Sir,
Together with this letter we want to establish coorperation with your company in selling furniture we conclude brochure, for your furniture department.
For your information our company named PT Kursi Gaya located in West Java, Indonesia. Our Company one of the biggest furniture maker in Indonesia, we have been doing business since 1930. There for we propose cooperation with your company for expand our furniture to your country.
Your Company won’t be feel loss because we offer 40% from real price for the first time. You can check our website for more picture and detail ww.kursigaya.com and for more information you can email us to kursigaya @ggaga.po.
Thank you for your attention and cooperation.
Faithfully,
CEO of PT Kursi Gaya
Minggu, 22 April 2012
Dialogue today's issue
NATAZIA
AMELIA AGIES
26209849
3
EB 19
TUGAS
SOFTSKILL BAHASA INGGRIS
DIALOGUE
TODAY ISSUE
In
one of Cafetaria near Gunadarma University, there is three person enjoying
their free time
A : Lets order, I’m really hungry
B : Okay, I’ll be the one to write our order
C : (flipping the menu) I want fried rice with
seafood and one ice tea (giving the menu to A)
A : I want tom yam with egg and my drink will be
ice tea too
B : and my order the same with you A
A : okay lets call the waitress
Waitress
came
Waitress
: Are this you guys want to order, then please wait until the food served
A
& B & C : okay
C : Can I change the channel waitress?
Waitress
: Yes offcourse, this is the remote fell free to change the channel (waitress
leave)
C : Thanks
B : Change the channel to news
(watching
news about Deputy Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources)
Reporter A : Deputy Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources,
Widjajono Partowidagdo, died. Previously it was
reported critical when climbing
Mount Tambora, Sumbawa,
West Nusa Tenggara,
Saturday, April 21, 2012.
Reporter B : "Recently we were able to this sad news. We
are sorry for your loss deeply. Indonesia lost
one of his best son,"
said the Head of Legal and Public
Relations of the Ministry of Energy, Susyanto, when contacted here on Saturday.
Reporter A : Widjajono climb the mountain with a team of
Volcanology Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources. Currently Widjajono was
evacuated to post one. The plan is that
academics will be brought to Sanglah Hospital, Bali.
Reporter B : Widjajono is a professor
in economics and management
of oil and gas fields in the Faculty of Earth Sciences and Tekmira, ITB,
since 2004. Widjajono known for adventurous hiking.
When the lecture he
likes mountain climbing. In fact, he participated in the organization of nature lovers in Bandung Institute of Technology.
Reporter A : Head of Tambora Coffee
Plantation, Mas Parno,
said Widjajono Partowidagdo
picked up four cars on Saturday afternoon,
21 April 2012. "They
had gone into the slopes of Tambora to post two," said Parno
to Tempo. Evacuation was assisted by about 20
residents Oi Bura.
Reporter B : Police officers in the
village of Bura Oi, Tambora District, Inspector
Two Mettu, said
Widjajono can not be evacuated. Widjajono still in the
post 2 and post
3 Mount Tambora,
Bima, West Nusa
Tenggara.
Reporter A : Widjajono reportedly suffered
a heart attack while climbing Mount Tambora, West
Nusa Tenggara, since
Thursday, April 20, 2012. Wamen reported a critical condition Saturday morning.
Reporter B : According to Pancasila village
chief, Hasan, Deputy Minister had collapsed
from a heart attack. "Not
up to the top, Mr.
Wamen already had
a heart attack," he said when
contacted by Tempo, Saturday,
April 21, 2012.
(end of the news)
A : It’s sad to
think someone like Mr. Widjajono Partowidagdo
had to died. Because he’s one of the good man in political
B : Yeah that’s true, but no one can predict the future
C : Let’s pray and hope he’ll rest in peace in after life
(A & B & C praying)
sumber :
http://www.tempo.co/read/fokus/2012/04/22/2358/Wakil-Menteri-Widjajono-Meninggal-di-Tambora
Jumat, 16 Maret 2012
Tugas Soft Skill Bahasa Inggris 2
- Contoh Surat Penawaran
-
March 16th 2012The Vice President,Amazin Dept.,121 Finsbury Pavement.,London, United KingdomDear Sir,Together with this letter we want to establish coorperation with your company in selling furniture we conclude brochure, for your furniture department.For your information our company named PT Kursi Gaya located in West Java, Indonesia. Our Company one of the biggest furniture maker in Indonesia, we have been doing business since 1930. There for we propose cooperation with your company for expand our furniture to your country.Your Company won’t be feel loss because we offer 40% from real price for the first time. You can check our website for more picture and detail ww.kursigaya.com and for more information you can email us to kursigaya @ggaga.po.Thank you for your attention and cooperation.Faithfully,CEO of PT Kursi Gaya
- Contoh Surat Penolakan
-
March 20th 2012The CEO.,PT Kursi Gaya.,West Java.,Indonesia 13333Dear Sir,We thank you for your offer to cooperate to our Amazin Furniture Departement. By email that you send to us on March 16th 2012. We already visit your website and check out the brochure you send to us.After I discuss about this matter with my superior. Your furniture won’t matched the taste of our people. In the future we will email you if we have the change of heart.Faithfully,CEO of Amazin Departement
Sabtu, 05 November 2011
Mr. Simple
Dia yang kusebut Mr. Simple,
selalu membuat hariku ceria. Tiap hari aku selalu semangat untuk kulaih hanya
untuk melihatnya. Meskipun hanya dari jauh sudah cukup membuat semangatku penuh
untuk beraktifitas seharian. Sebelum aku tau ada orang seperti dia di kampus ,
tak pernah aku semangat seperti ini untuk menjalani hari-hari kuliah.
Aku hanyalah seorang pengagum
yang mengisi harinya hanya untuk bisa melihat sedikit saja senyumannya dari
jauh. Aku bukanlah tipe orang yang mudah menyukai seseorang, aku adalah tipe
orang yang memiliki banyak kriteria dalam menyukai seseorang pria. Ingin ku
bulatkan tekat hanya untuk dapat mengetahui namanya atau hanya bisa mengobrol
sebentar dengannya.
Kesukaanku padanya bermulai
ketika aku melihat dia bermain basket dilapangan olahraga kampus, tubuhnya yang
atletis dan caranya bermain yang sportif. Membuat mataku tak bisa lepas untuk
melihatnya. Semakin lama aku memperhatikan permainan basketnya semakin aku tau,
bahwa ia tipe orang yang ambisius dan sangat diandalkan oleh teamnya. Dan benar
saja dia bisa memasukkan banyak angka untuk teamnya dan dia dengan mudah
membangun kepercayaan teamnya untuk memenangkan pertandingan. Seharusnya aku
lebih mendukung team temanku yang sedang melawan teamnya, tapi apa daya aku
malah berteriak untuk memberi semangat kepada team lawan atau kepada team Mr.
Simple.
Pelan-pelan aku mencoba mencari
informasi tentangnya, apa jurusan yang dia ambil, kapan saja hari-hari ia masuk
kuliah, dimana tempat biasa ia berkumpul. Mungkin yang kulakukan sudah
kelewatan seperti fans yang mengejar-ngejar artis. Tapi mau bagaimana lagi
sudah keburu jatuh hati pada Mr. Simple. Setelah mengetahui tempat dia sering
berkumpul, kadang aku mengajak teman untuk ikut berkumpul di tempat ia
berkumpul. Meskipun cukup jauh jarak antara aku dan dia, tapi bisa berada di
satu ruang yang sama sudah sangat membahagiakan untuk ku.
Meskipun sifatnya ambisius atau
selalu ingin menang, tapi ternyata ia memiliki banyak teman. Meskipun dari jauh
aku bisa mengambil kesimpulan bahwa dia adalah tipe orang yang riang dan selalu
bisa menghidupkan suasana. Saat bermain basket waktu itu ia selalu mamasang
muka serius dan itu sungguh sangat keren, tapi ketika teamnya mendapatkan kemenangan,
wajahnya senyumnya lebih-lebih membuat hatiku makin berdebar kencang.
Kenapa aku memberinya nama
panggilan Mr. Simple, karena dia selalu berpakaian simple dan selalu berkelakuan
yang tidak berlebihan. Tapi menurutku apapun yang ia gunakan akan terlihat
bagus di badannya yang putih, tinggi, dan atletis itu. Jika ia tidak terlalu
dekat dengan seseorang, ia selalu memasang wajah cuek, tapi ia selalu memberi senyum
dan perlakuan yang baik terhadap orang yang lebih tua. Kadang ia akan melakukan
pose-pose lucu agar temannya yang murung dapat tersenyum kembali.
Andai aku bisa berkenalan
dengannya dan menjadi temannya, pria pujaan hatiku Mr. Simple.
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